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1 Paul Hermann
Пауль Герман (1846-1921), языковед-германист, один из теоретиков младограмматизма, исследователь истории германских языков. Автор словаря и грамматики немецкого языка, работ по проблемам общего языкознания, германской этнографии ▲ "Deutsches Wörterbuch", "Deutsche Grammatik" -
2 Muller, Paul Hermann
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 12 January 1899 Olten, Solothurn, Switzerlandd. 13 October 1965 Basle, Switzerland[br]Swiss chemist, inventor of the insecticide DDT.[br]Muller was educated in Basle and his interest in chemistry was stimulated when he started work as a laboratory assistant in the chemical factory of Dreyfus \& Co. After further laboratory work, he entered the University of Basle in 1919, achieving his doctorate in 1925. The same year, he entered the dye works of J.R.Geigy AG as a research chemist. He spent the rest of his career there, rising to the position of Deputy Head of Pest Control Research. From 1935 he began the search for an insecticide that was fast acting and persistent, but harmless to plants and warmblooded animals. In 1940 he patented the use of a compound known since 1873, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, or DDT. It could be easily and cheaply manufactured and was highly effective. Muller obtained a Swiss patent for DDT in 1940 and it went into commercial production two years later. One useful application of DDT at the end of the Second World War was in killing lice to prevent typhus epidemics. It was widely used and an important factor in farmers' postwar success in raising food production, but after twenty years or so, some species of insects were found to have developed resistance to its action, thus limiting its effectiveness. Worse, it was found to be harmful to other animals, which gave rise to anxieties about its persistence in the food chain. By the 1970s its use was banned or strictly limited in developed countries. Nevertheless, in its earlier career it had conferred undoubted benefits and was highly valued, as reflected by the award of a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1948.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology 1948.BibliographyMuller described DDT and related compounds in two papers in Helvetica chimica acta for 1944 and 1946.Further ReadingObituary, 1965, Nature 208:1,043–4.LRD -
3 Muller
m.1 Muller, Hermann Joseph Muller.2 Muller, Friedrich Max Muller.3 Muller, Johann Muller.4 Muller, Johannes Peter Muller.5 Muller, Karl Alex Muller.6 Muller, Paul Hermann Muller. -
4 Behagel Otto
Бехагель Отто (1854-1936), германист, в возрасте 28 лет получил звание профессора Хайдельбергского университета. Главный труд – "Синтаксис немецкого языка" (4 тома). Другие работы: "Немецкий язык", "Словотворчество в немецком языке" ▲ "Die deutsche Syntax", "Die deutsche Sprache", "Die deutsche Wortschöpfung" → Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Paul Hermann, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen -
5 Technische Universität Berlin
тж. TUBТехнический университет г. Берлин, обучение ведётся на факультетах физики, химии, инженерных технологий, физической культуры, горного дела, информатики, электротехники, экологии. В настоящее время самый большой технический университет Германии. В университете впервые осуществлён на практике т.н. "технологический трансфер" (Technologietransfer) – университетское подразделение, поддерживающее контакты с научными и производственными институтами. В начале 1990-х гг. в результате университетской реформы число факультетов сократилось с 22 до 15. История университета начинается с основания Фридрихом Великим в 1770 г. Горной академии в Берлине. В 1799 г. была открыта Строительная академия, а в 1821 г. Ремесленная академия. В 1879 г. они были объединены в Королевское высшее техническое училище (TH). В Берлинском техническом вузе учились и преподавали лауреаты Нобелевской премии Карл Бош, Фриц Хабер, Густав Герц, Вольфганг Пауль. В 1899 г. кайзер Вильгельм II пожаловал университету (первому в Германии) право присваивать учёную степень доктора наук. В 1918 г. по инициативе Георга Шлезингера при вузе был основан Институт промышленной психотехники, который занимался социальными аспектами производственных процессов. В 1926 г. была введена новая специальность "инженер экономики". После войны открыт в 1946 г. → Berlin, Technische Universität, Friedrich II. der Große, Bosch Carl, Haber Fritz, Hertz Gustav, Paul Hermann, Wilhelm II.Германия. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Technische Universität Berlin
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6 Agricultural and food technology
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Jia SixieLi BingSong YingxingTownshend, CharlesWang ZhenXu GuangqiBiographical history of technology > Agricultural and food technology
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7 Medical technology
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Chamberlen, Peter (the elder)Fabricius, HieronymusLister, JosephMarton, Ladislaus -
8 Aerospace
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Caproni, Giovanni BattistaDassault, MarcelGiffard, Baptiste Henry JacquesJohnson, Clarence LeonardKorolov, Sergei PavlovichSopwith, Sir Thomas Octave MurdochTsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich -
9 Electricity
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10 Photography, film and optics
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Ding HuanGabor, DennisKlic, KarolLippershey, HansMarton, LadislausTournachon, Gaspard FélixBiographical history of technology > Photography, film and optics
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11 κατ-ῄορος
κατ-ῄορος, herabhangend, schwebend; Ap. Rh. 2, 1042; βόστρυχα Paul. Sil. 33 (V, 260); Eur. Troad. 1097 τέκνων δὲ πλῆϑος ἐν πύλαις δάκρυσι κατῄορα στένει, nach Hermann die Kinder, die sich weinend an den Arm der Mutter hängen.
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12 Bauhaus
nБаухауз, Высшая школа строительства и художественного конструирования, академический центр искусства авангарда в Германии в период между двумя мировыми войнами. В задачи Баухауза входили разработка эстетики функционализма, принципов современного формообразования в архитектуре и дизайне, формирование материально-бытовой среды средствами пластических искусств. Основана в 1919 г. в Ваймаре, в 1926 г. переведена в г. Дессау, в 1932 г. как частный институт – в Берлин, в 1933 г. упразднена нацистами. Первым директором школы был Вальтер Гропиус, в 1928 г. власти вынудили его уйти. Наряду с архитекторами в школе преподавали также такие известные художники, как Лионель Файнингер, Пауль Клее, Герхард Маркс, Василий Кандинский и др. В 1976 г. "Баухауз" был открыт в Дессау вновь как научно-экспериментальный институт архитектуры и дизайна. В Ваймаре преемником традиций "Баухауза" является университет "Баухауз" <Bauhaus – букв. "Дом строительства"> → Avantgarde, Gropius Walter, Feininger Lyonel, Klee Paul, Marcks Gerhard, Kandinsky Wassiliy, Bauhaus-Museum, Bauhaus-Gebäude, Bauhaus-Archiv, entartete Kunst, Dessau, Weimar, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Henselmann Hermann -
13 Abel, Sir Frederick August
[br]b. 17 July 1827 Woolwich, London, Englandd. 6 September 1902 Westminster, London, England[br]English chemist, co-inventor of cordite find explosives expert.[br]His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1901. Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 1891 (Commander 1877). Knighted 1883. Created Baronet 1893. FRS 1860. President, Chemical Society 1875–7. President, Institute of Chemistry 1881–2. President, Institute of Electrical Engineers 1883. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1891. Chairman, Society of Arts 1883–4. Telford Medal 1878, Royal Society Royal Medal 1887, Albert Medal (Society of Arts) 1891, Bessemer Gold Medal 1897. Hon. DCL (Oxon.) 1883, Hon. DSc (Cantab.) 1888.Bibliography1854, with C.L.Bloxam, Handbook of Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Technical, London: John Churchill; 2nd edn 1858.Besides writing numerous scientific papers, he also contributed several articles to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1875–89, 9th edn.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 1, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.CMBiographical history of technology > Abel, Sir Frederick August
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Paul hermann (écrivain) — Ne doit pas être confondu avec Paul Hermann ou Paule Herreman. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Hermann. Paul Hermann est un écrivain et historien français décédé en 1924. Instituteur sur l … Wikipédia en Français
Paul Hermann Muller — Paul Hermann Müller Pour les articles homonymes, voir Müller. Paul Hermann Müller (né le 12 janvier 1899 à Olten et décédé le 12 octobre 1965 à Bâle) était un chimiste suisse, découvreur en 1939 de l efficacité du DDT… … Wikipédia en Français
